Suu Kyi wants gov't apology for violent crackdown

MONYWA, Myanmar (AP) ? Opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi on Friday said authorities must apologize for a violent crackdown on monks and other foes of a mine in northwest Myanmar, but she also stuck to the government's view that the country must follow through on its commitment to build the project.

Speaking Friday morning to a crowd of more than 10,000 in the northwestern town of Monywa, the Nobel Peace laureate said people had the right to ask why authorities cracked down so harshly on the nonviolent protesters who had occupied the nearby Letpadaung copper mine for 11 days. It was the government's biggest crackdown on demonstrations since reformist President Thein Sein took office last year.

Police used water cannons, tear gas and smoke bombs to break up the protest early Thursday. Weapons that protesters described as flare guns caused severe burns to protesters and set shelters ablaze. A nurse at a Monywa hospital said 27 monks and one other person were admitted there to be treated for burns.

"I want to ask, 'What was their purpose of doing this?' Frankly, there's no need to act like this," Suu Kyi said. People in the crowd shouted back: "Right!"

"I'm not saying this to agitate people," she continued. "I never persuade people by agitating. I explain to people so that they can decide by thinking."

In remarks to reporters Friday, Suu Kyi said the authorities "need to apologize to the monks."

Yet she has taken a soft line on the broader conflict over the expanding mine, which protesters say is damaging the environment and forcing villagers to move without adequate compensation.

She noted that many people asked her to help stop the project at once, but said she did not know details of the original contract and a parliamentary investigating committee had yet to do its work.

She went on to suggest that Myanmar should honor the contracts establishing the project, especially since they involved a neighboring country. The mine is a joint venture between a military-controlled holding company and a Chinese mining company.

She said that even in some cases where the people's interest was not taken into account, the agreement should be followed "so that the country's image will not be hurt."

Senior government officials have said the protesters' demands to stop operating the mine risk scaring off foreign investment in Myanmar's long-neglected economy.

Now serving in parliament after years as a political prisoner of the long-ruling junta, Suu Kyi received a hero's welcome in Monywa. Her visit had been scheduled before the crackdown, and she has said she will try to negotiate a solution to the conflict over the mine.

On Thursday she met mining company officials, activists and injured protesters, and she met security officials Friday.

The crackdown is a big blot on the government's efforts to woo popular support, especially because many of the targets were monks, who are admired for their social activism as much as they are revered for their spiritual beliefs in deeply religious Myanmar.

The previous military government infamously cracked down violently on monks who were leading the 2007 pro-democracy protests that came to be known as the "Saffron Revolution," from the color of their robes.

Monks in Myanmar's two biggest cities, Yangon and Mandalay, staged small nonviolent protests Friday.

The Upper Myanmar Monks organization in Mandalay issued a statement calling on the government to formally apologize for the action within five days, to provide sufficient health care for those who were injured and to release seven monks they say were detained.

U Withuta, a prominent activist monk who is a member of the group, said more than 40 monks were hurt, some seriously and at risk of losing their eyesight. He said he was lightly burned on the thigh.

"We wanted to forget what happened in 2007 and proceed forward, but what happened yesterday was like opening an old wound," Withuta said. He said it was premature to say what the monks would do if their demands were not met.

Citizen activism has increased since the elected government took over last year. Street demonstrations have been legalized, and are generally tolerated, though detentions have occurred in sensitive cases.

Political and economic liberalization under Thein Sein has won praise from Western governments, which have eased sanctions imposed on the previous military government because of its poor record on human and civil rights.

The Letpadaung mine is a joint venture between China's Wanbao Mining Copper Ltd. and the military-owned Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd. Many in Myanmar remain suspicious of the military and see China as an aggressive and exploitive investor that helped support its rule.

In Yangon, more than 30 monks who staged a peaceful protest at downtown Sule pagoda, were joined by nearly 100 people who chanted prayers in front of the office of the army's holding company.

"May all be free from harm, may all be peaceful and may the Letpadaung mountains be green," they chanted in the Friday dusk.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/suu-kyi-wants-govt-apology-violent-crackdown-140838109.html

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Judge: UK needs independent press regulator

LONDON (AP) ? Britain's unruly newspapers should be regulated by an independent body dominated by non-journalists with the power to levy steep fines for ethical lapses, a judge recommended Thursday after a yearlong inquiry.

But Prime Minister David Cameron immediately expressed deep misgivings about a key recommendation in the 2,000-page report ? that the new regulator be enshrined in law. Cameron said he was concerned about government interference in free speech.

"I'm proud of the fact that we've managed to survive hundreds of years without state regulation," he said.

The impasse left questions about the eventual impact of Lord Justice Brian Leveson's sweeping probe of media ethics in Britain. The inquiry was triggered by a tabloid phone hacking scandal that expanded to engulf senior figures in politics, the police and Rupert Murdoch's media empire.

The report pleased victims of tabloid intrusion but left editors worrying about creeping state control of the country's fiercely independent press.

Leveson's key recommendation was to create a new regulator for newspapers and their websites, which he said should be established in law to prevent more people from being hurt by the "outrageous" press behavior that had "wreaked havoc with the lives of innocent people."

"The ball moves back into the politicians' court: They must now decide who guards the guardians," he said.

Cameron, under intense pressure over an issue that has divided his own Conservative Party, welcomed Leveson's proposal for a new regulator, saying "the status quo is not an option."

But the prime minister said asking legislators to enshrine it in law meant "crossing the Rubicon of writing elements of press regulation into the law of the land."

"I believe that we should be wary of any legislation that has the potential to infringe free speech and a free press," Cameron told lawmakers in the House of Commons. "We should think very, very carefully before crossing this line."

Cameron instead called on the much-criticized British press to show it could control itself by implementing the judge's proposals quickly without political involvement.

Leveson insisted that politicians and the government should play no role in regulating the press, which should be done by a new body with much stronger powers than the current Press Complaints Commission.

He said the new body should be composed of members of the public including former journalists and academics ? but no more than one serving editor and no politicians. It should have the power to rule on complaints, demand prominent corrections in newspapers and to levy fines of up to 1 million pounds ($1.6 million), though it would have no power to prevent material from being published.

Membership would be voluntary, but newspapers would join in part to stave off expensive lawsuits ? the regulator would handle complaints that now end up in court.

The proposal is similar to the system operating in Ireland, where a press council and ombudsman were set up in 2008 to make the print media more accountable.

Critics of the tabloid press generally backed Leveson's findings.

"I welcome Lord Leveson's report and hope it will mark the start of a new era for our press in which it treats those in the news responsibly, with care and consideration," said Kate McCann, who was the subject of intense press interest after her 3-year-old daughter Madeleine disappeared during a 2007 holiday in Portugal.

Brian Cathcart of the group Hacked Off, which campaigns for victims of press intrusion, said Leveson had produced "a workable, proportionate and reasonable solution to the problems of press abuse."

Cathcart called Cameron's inability to accept its recommendations "unfortunate and regrettable."

Cameron set up the Leveson inquiry after revelations of illegal eavesdropping by Rupert Murdoch's now-defunct News of the World tabloid sparked a criminal investigation and a wave of public revulsion.

The furor erupted in 2011 when it was revealed that the News of the World had eavesdropped on the mobile phone voicemails of slain schoolgirl Milly Dowler while police were searching for the 13-year-old.

Murdoch shut down the 168-year-old newspaper in July 2011. His U.K. newspaper company, News International, has paid millions in damages to dozens of hacking victims, and faces dozens more lawsuits from celebrities, politicians, athletes and crime victims whose voicemails were hacked in the paper's quest for scoops.

News International chief executive Tom Mockridge said the company was "keen to play our full part, with others in our industry, in creating a new body that commands the confidence of the public."

"We believe that this can be achieved without statutory regulation ? and welcome the prime minister's rejection of that proposal," he added.

Leveson's 4-million-pound ($6.4- million) inquiry heard evidence from more than 300 witnesses over months of dramatic, sometimes comic and often poignant testimony. Witnesses ranged from celebrities such as Harry Potter author J.K. Rowling and actor Hugh Grant ? who both complained of intrusive treatment ? to the parents of Dowler, who described how learning that their daughter's voicemail had been accessed had given them false hope that she was alive.

Leveson said the ongoing criminal investigation constrained him from accusing other newspapers of illegal behavior, but concluded there was a subculture of unethical behavior.

While many editors have denied knowing about phone hacking, Leveson said it "was far more than a covert, secret activity, known to nobody save one or two practitioners of the 'dark arts.'"

He said newspapers had been guilty of "recklessness in prioritizing sensational stories almost irrespective of the harm the stories may cause."

The hacking scandal has rocked Britain's press, political and police establishments, who were seen to enjoy an often-cozy relationship in which drinks, dinners and sometimes money were traded for influence and information.

Several senior police officers resigned over the failure aggressively to pursue a 2007 investigation into phone hacking at the News of the World. But Leveson said "the inquiry has not unearthed extensive evidence of police corruption."

Leveson said over the past three decades, political parties "have had or developed too close a relationship with the press in a way which has not been in the public interest."

Those relationships reached right up to the prime minister's door. Former Murdoch editors and journalists charged with phone hacking, police bribery or other wrongdoing include Cameron's former spokesman, Andy Coulson, and ex-News of the World editor Rebekah Brooks, a friend of the prime minister.

Still, Leveson acquitted senior politicians of wrongdoing.

Cameron was holding talks Thursday with leaders of the other main parties in an attempt to thrash out some agreement on press regulation.

He faced a battle. His own deputy prime minister, Nick Clegg, the leader of his coalition partner the Liberal Democrats, differed from Cameron in backing the call for a new regulator established in law.

"We owe it to the victims of these scandals, who have already waited too long for us to do the right thing," Clegg said.

___

Online: http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/

Jill Lawless can be reached at http://Twitter.com/JillLawless

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/judge-uk-needs-independent-press-regulator-194925660--finance.html

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Police: Wyo. murder-suicide happened during class

CASPER, Wyo. (AP) ? A man wielding a sharp-edged weapon killed one person in a Casper neighborhood Friday before killing a male teacher and himself in front of students in a community college classroom, causing a campus-wide lockdown as authorities tried to piece together what happened.

Police found the suspect and teacher dead at a science building on the Casper College campus, which was locked down for about two hours, school and police officials said. The other victim, a woman, was found in a street about two miles away.

Casper Police Chief Chris Walsh said the murder-suicide took place in a classroom with students present, but he didn't know how many students or what the class topic was.

He said investigators were still trying to determine a motive.

Walsh said an "edged weapon" was used it at least one of the killings, but he didn't offer specifics and it was unclear if the same or a similar weapon was used in all of the deaths.

The attacker wasn't believed to be a Casper College student and it appeared he knew the victims, Walsh said. No names were released.

"We're locating next of kin and working on notification absolutely as fast as we can," Walsh said.

He added authorities didn't believe there was any further threat to the community.

"I want to emphasize that this is a horrible tragedy," Walsh said. "And I want the city to ... just feel safe right now. There is no one at large."

The attack at the two-year community college in Casper, about 250 miles northwest of Denver, occurred just before 9 a.m. in a classroom on the science building's third floor. All students and staff were evacuated from the building.

The college sent out a campus-wide alert via text message and email within two minutes of receiving word of the attack at 9:06 a.m., school spokesman Rich Fujita said. The lockdown ended at about 11 a.m. after school officials received word that police were no longer searching for a suspect, Fujita said.

There are fewer classes on Fridays than any other day of the week at Casper College, so only between 1,500 and 2,000 of the college's 5,000 students were there, he added.

Political science instructor Chris Henrichsen said he was showing the film "Frost/Nixon" to his Wyoming and U.S. government class when he stepped into the hall to get something for a student and was told a homicide had occurred on campus.

He went back to his classroom, where students were getting messages about the campus lockdown on their phones.

"We locked the door and waited for further instruction," Henrichsen said.

The students were later sent home, but some who parked near a different campus building where the attack occurred had to leave their cars there, Henrichsen said.

About two miles away, Dave Larsen said he was headed to the gym when he drove past a body in a gutter with two people standing over it, one talking on a cellphone.

Larsen lives about a block from the location of the body, a well-kept neighborhood of mostly single-story houses.

Emergency vehicles had the street blocked off Friday afternoon.

Police provided some details in a news conference streamed live by the Casper Star-Tribune (http://trib.com/).

Walsh said 33 law enforcement officers from different agencies responded to the college after receiving reports of the attack. He said authorities first thought it might have been an "active-shooter-type situation."

"We quickly contained the building and started a sweep through the building," he said.

Walsh said that within minutes of the initial call, there was another report of a traumatic injury about two miles southwest of campus. That victim was found in the street, the Star-Tribune reported.

Classes were canceled for the rest of the day at the school, one of seven community colleges in Wyoming.

A meeting was held in the afternoon for the 150 teachers and students who remained. College president Walt Nolte addressed them, calling it the worst day of his more than 40 years in higher education. He encouraged the community to come together, Fujita said

"It is particularly painful because of our size," Fujita said of the small, tight-knit campus.

Counselors were speaking to students and planned to be available through the weekend. About 450 students live on campus.

Classes were to resume on Monday.

"We agreed it doesn't do any good to just set the students loose. It makes the most sense to have them come back to campus, where they can get help if they need help and come to terms with what happened," Fujita said.

Walsh said police train for such incidents but had no warning of Friday's violence.

Wyoming Gov. Matt Mead, who went to the campus Friday evening, said it was too early to assess security precautions at the college.

"There's no sense in doing that now until we understand fully what has taken place," he said.

The governor added that the focus now "should be on the victims' family, the community college family, the president, the trustees and the students, and making sure we're attending to any of their needs."

Casper College opened in 1945 as the state's first junior college and moved to its current site 10 years later. The campus consists of 28 buildings on more than 200 acres. The college provides more than 140 academic-transfer, technical and career programs.

Wyoming has only one four-year university, the University of Wyoming in Laramie, which serves more than 13,000 students.

Casper is Wyoming's second-largest city with a population of about 56,000. Wyoming residents refer to it as the "Oil City" because it's a hub for the state's oil industry.

___

Associated Press writers Ben Neary in Cheyenne and Matt Volz in Helena, Mont., contributed to this report.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/police-wyo-murder-suicide-happened-during-class-235147631.html

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Defiant Israel to boost settlements after UN's Palestine vote

JERUSALEM (Reuters) - Israel plans to build thousands of new homes for its settlers in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem, an Israeli official said on Friday, defying a U.N. vote that implicitly recognized Palestinian statehood there.

The United States, one of Israel's few allies in Thursday's battle at the world forum, called "counterproductive" the construction blueprint, which included a stretch of land east of Jerusalem that Palestinians fear would bisect much of the West Bank and choke off their access to the holy city.

The Israeli official said Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's conservative government had authorized the construction of 3,000 housing units and ordered "preliminary zoning and planning work for thousands of units in Jerusalem and settlement blocs including Maale Adumim and E1".

Israel froze much of its activities in E1 under pressure from former U.S. President George W. Bush and the area has been under the scrutiny of his successor, Barack Obama.

The official, who did not want to be named, would not elaborate on the plans. But Israeli media said the government saw the settlement expansion as hammering home its rejection of Thursday's upgrade by the U.N. General Assembly of the Palestinians to "non-member observer state" from "entity".

Israel and the United States had opposed the resolution, which shored up the Palestinians' claim on all of the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip, saying territorial demarcation should be addressed in direct peace negotiations.

The Israelis were further incensed by what they deemed an inflammatory U.N. speech by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, and said the upgrade resolution neglected the Jewish state's security and need for its own sovereignty to be recognized.

CENSURE FROM PALESTINIANS, U.S.

Peace talks have been stalled for two years amid Palestinian anger at continued Israeli settlement. The Israelis insist they would keep West Bank settlement blocs under any final accord as well as all of Jerusalem as their capital.

That status for the holy city has never been accepted abroad, where most powers consider the settlements illegal for taking in land captured in the 1967 Middle East war. Palestinians want East Jerusalem, with ancient sites holy to Islam, Judaism and Christianity, as their own future capital.

"While the Palestinians are doing everything possible to keep the two-state solution alive, including with our vote in the United Nations, yesterday, the Israeli government is doing everything possible to destroy it," Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat said in response to the new settlement plan.

The White House said the plan could make it harder to bring Israel and the Palestinians back to the negotiating table.

"We reiterate our longstanding opposition to settlements and East Jerusalem construction and announcements," White House spokesman Tommy Vietor said.

"We believe these actions are counterproductive and make it harder to resume direct negotiations or achieve a two state solution," Vietor said. "Direct negotiations remain our goal and we encourage all parties to take steps to make that easier to achieve."

The 193-nation U.N. General Assembly overwhelmingly approved the de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine after Abbas, in his speech, urged members to issue what he said was its long overdue "birth certificate."

Approximately 500,000 Israelis and 2.5 million Palestinians live in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

Israel withdrew settlers and soldiers from Gaza in 2005 after 38 years of occupation but maintains a blockade of the enclave, which is ruled by the Islamist movement Hamas. Israel says the blockade is necessary to prevent smuggling of weapons to militants there.

An Egyptian-brokered agreement on November 21 that ended eight days of Israeli air strikes on Gaza and cross-border Palestinian rocket attacks called on Israel to ease restrictions on the territory.

(Additional reporting by Matt Spetalnick in Washington; Writing by Dan Williams; Editing by Tom Pfeiffer)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/israel-expand-settlements-uns-palestine-vote-162752875.html

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Registration for IAS 2013 opens Dec. 1st

Public release date: 29-Nov-2012
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Contact: Sian Bowen
sian.bowen@iasociety.org
41-227-100-864
International AIDS Society

Leading scientists, clinical experts and researchers together to discuss latest developments in Basic, Clinical, Prevention Sciences, and Operation and Implementation Research at IAS 2013 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (30 June 3 July 2013)

28 November 2012 (Geneva, Switzerland) Registration, abstract and programme activity submissions for the 7th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2013) opens December 1st online at www.ias2013.org. IAS 2013, held from 30 June to 3 July 2013 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is organized by the International AIDS Society (IAS), in partnership with the Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, the leading centre in Malaysia conducting HIV related research.

Organizers today announced 9 plenary presentations focusing on crucial issues facing the global response to the HIV epidemic. Plenary sessions will open each day of the conference in addition to the abstract-driven sessions.

The biennial IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention attracts some 6,000 delegates from all over the world, representing a unique occasion for leading scientists, clinicians, public health experts and community leaders to examine the latest developments in HIV-related research, to provide new insights into HIV vulnerability, disease progression and prevention intervention worldwide and to explore how scientific advances can be translated quickly into effective interventions to prevent and treat HIV, particularly in low and middle-income countries, including those within Asia.

"In selecting Malaysia as the host country, we expect IAS 2013 to be an opportunity to highlight the state of the HIV epidemic and the progress being made in HIV research and prevention in the Asian region," said IAS President and Nobel Laureate Prof. Franoise Barr-Sinoussi, Director of the Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit at the Institute Pasteur in Paris and International Conference Chair for IAS 2013. "We cannot look at this region just as a whole since each country is facing different challenges and has developed different coping strategies to respond to the HIV epidemic. While in recent years a number of Asian countries, like Malaysia, have shown remarkable successes and today represent models, other countries are still struggling with a variety of issues, from coverage to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV to stigma towards men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs and sex workers".

"In recent years we have all been amazed by the incredible scientific advances in the HIV field, so much so that we can now speak of an end of HIV with cautious optimism. However, many barriers are still significantly slowing down improvements offered by science. The programme of IAS 2013, while presenting the latest science, will also feature sessions focused on these barriers to progress, such as lack of effectiveness and efficiency in the provision of prevention, treatment and care programmes for HIV," said Prof. Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Director of CERiA and Local Conference Co-Chair. "The particularities of Asia, and the experience of experts from this region, will contribute to make IAS 2013 a dynamic conference based on dialogue, debate and the sharing of best practices among HIV professionals".

Plenary Speakers (presentation titles are subject to change)

The following plenary themes and topics will set the tone for the conference programme.

The full programme is now under development, including the selection of scientific abstracts and other programme activities. More programme details will be available on the conference website, www.ias2013.org, in the coming months, with the full programme, including all confirmed speakers, available in June.

Monday, 1 July

Tracking the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Asia and the Pacific

J. V. R. Prasada Rao, United Nations

Paediatrics: the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

Linda-Gail Bekker, South Africa

HIV, Law and Stigma

Speaker to be confirmed

Tuesday, 2 July

The Relationship between HIV Disease and Inflammation

Daniel Douek, United States

State of the Evidence from Oral and Topical PrEP Efficacy Trials: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know

Javier Lama, Peru

Social Determinants: Structural Barriers

Barbara de Zalduondo, UNAIDS

Wednesday 3 July

Vaccine: New Developments in Protecting Antibodies

Dennis Burton, United States

HIV and Hepatitis C Co-Infection

Karine Lacombe, France

Achieving Universal Access and Moving towards Elimination of New HIV Infections in Cambodia

Mean Chhi Vun, Cambodia

December 1st marks the start of registration as well as being the opening day for online abstract submissions. Over half of all conference sessions will be abstract-driven and all of the submissions will go through an extensive peer-reviewed process in order to guarantee the highest caliber of science. The online abstract submission closes on 24 January 2013 and reopens on 3 April until 7 May 2013 for late breaker abstract submissions.

With over 3,000 square metres of exhibition space IAS 2013 also offers both commercial and non-commercial organizations the opportunity to showcase their products and services. Exhibitor applications open on 1 December and close on 10 May 2013.

Various satellite meetings will take place in the conference centre during IAS 2013. These satellite meetings are fully organized and coordinated by the organization hosting the satellite. The satellite slots are available for a fee. Satellite applications also open on 1 December and close on 18 March 2013.

Finally from 6 December online applications for scholarships will open. The International and Media Scholarship Programmes are aimed at making the conference accessible to people from resource-limited settings and communities. Priority is given to those whose participation will help enhance their work in their own communities. A limited number of scholarships will be also available for media representatives.

For more information on registration process and registration fees please visit http://www.ias2013.org/Default.aspx?pageId=491

AIDS 2012 key opening dates:

1 December 2012

• Registrations open
• Abstract submissions open
• Exhibition applications open
• Satellite applications open
• Accommodation bookings open
• Tour bookings open

6 December 2012

• Scholarship applications open

1 February 2013

• Affiliated Independent Events submissions open

14 February 2013 - 24:00 CET

• Registrations standard fee deadline

1 April 2013

• Volunteer applications open

3 April 2013

• Late breaker submissions open

18 April 2013 - 24:00 CET

• Registrations late fees deadline

###

About the Organizers

The International AIDS Society (IAS) is the world's leading independent association of HIV professionals, with over 16,000 members from more than 196 countries working at all levels of the global response to AIDS. The IAS members include researchers from all disciplines, clinicians, public health and community practitioners on the frontlines of the epidemic, as well as policy and programme planners.

The IAS is lead organizer of the IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, which will be held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 30 June 3 July 2013 and custodian of the biennial International AIDS Conference, which will be held in Melbourne, Australia, 20-25 July 2014.

www.iasociety.org | www.ias2013.org | www.aids2014.org

The Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA) was established in 2007 to respond to the need to better understand the Malaysian HIV epidemic and to build local capacity in conducting HIV related research. Since its establishment it has become the leading Centre in Malaysia conducting HIV related research in various fields including epidemiology, social behavioural, clinical and laboratory based research.

IAS 2013: Join the conversation

Get the latest conference updates and share your thoughts and ideas through the Conference Facebook and Twitter. We are tweeting @_IAS2013 and hope many of you will tweet along with us, using #IAS2013 to keep the conversation going. Become a fan of IAS 2013 on Facebook and stay in touch with the latest conference updates and developments. Please visit www.facebook.com/conferenceIAS2013 to become a fan. If your group or organization is participating in IAS 2013, we welcome posts of photos and videos of your work on this page. Tell us why you are coming to Kuala Lumpur and what you hope to gain from IAS 2013.

For more information:

Sin Bowen (Geneva, Switzerland)
Senior Manager, Communications
Email: Sian.Bowen@iasociety.org
Tel: +41 22 710 0864

Francesca Da Ros (Geneva, Switzerland)
Communications and Media Officer
Email: Francesca.Daros@iasociety.org
Tel: +41 22 710 0822

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 29-Nov-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Sian Bowen
sian.bowen@iasociety.org
41-227-100-864
International AIDS Society

Leading scientists, clinical experts and researchers together to discuss latest developments in Basic, Clinical, Prevention Sciences, and Operation and Implementation Research at IAS 2013 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (30 June 3 July 2013)

28 November 2012 (Geneva, Switzerland) Registration, abstract and programme activity submissions for the 7th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2013) opens December 1st online at www.ias2013.org. IAS 2013, held from 30 June to 3 July 2013 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is organized by the International AIDS Society (IAS), in partnership with the Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, the leading centre in Malaysia conducting HIV related research.

Organizers today announced 9 plenary presentations focusing on crucial issues facing the global response to the HIV epidemic. Plenary sessions will open each day of the conference in addition to the abstract-driven sessions.

The biennial IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention attracts some 6,000 delegates from all over the world, representing a unique occasion for leading scientists, clinicians, public health experts and community leaders to examine the latest developments in HIV-related research, to provide new insights into HIV vulnerability, disease progression and prevention intervention worldwide and to explore how scientific advances can be translated quickly into effective interventions to prevent and treat HIV, particularly in low and middle-income countries, including those within Asia.

"In selecting Malaysia as the host country, we expect IAS 2013 to be an opportunity to highlight the state of the HIV epidemic and the progress being made in HIV research and prevention in the Asian region," said IAS President and Nobel Laureate Prof. Franoise Barr-Sinoussi, Director of the Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit at the Institute Pasteur in Paris and International Conference Chair for IAS 2013. "We cannot look at this region just as a whole since each country is facing different challenges and has developed different coping strategies to respond to the HIV epidemic. While in recent years a number of Asian countries, like Malaysia, have shown remarkable successes and today represent models, other countries are still struggling with a variety of issues, from coverage to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV to stigma towards men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs and sex workers".

"In recent years we have all been amazed by the incredible scientific advances in the HIV field, so much so that we can now speak of an end of HIV with cautious optimism. However, many barriers are still significantly slowing down improvements offered by science. The programme of IAS 2013, while presenting the latest science, will also feature sessions focused on these barriers to progress, such as lack of effectiveness and efficiency in the provision of prevention, treatment and care programmes for HIV," said Prof. Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Director of CERiA and Local Conference Co-Chair. "The particularities of Asia, and the experience of experts from this region, will contribute to make IAS 2013 a dynamic conference based on dialogue, debate and the sharing of best practices among HIV professionals".

Plenary Speakers (presentation titles are subject to change)

The following plenary themes and topics will set the tone for the conference programme.

The full programme is now under development, including the selection of scientific abstracts and other programme activities. More programme details will be available on the conference website, www.ias2013.org, in the coming months, with the full programme, including all confirmed speakers, available in June.

Monday, 1 July

Tracking the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Asia and the Pacific

J. V. R. Prasada Rao, United Nations

Paediatrics: the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

Linda-Gail Bekker, South Africa

HIV, Law and Stigma

Speaker to be confirmed

Tuesday, 2 July

The Relationship between HIV Disease and Inflammation

Daniel Douek, United States

State of the Evidence from Oral and Topical PrEP Efficacy Trials: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know

Javier Lama, Peru

Social Determinants: Structural Barriers

Barbara de Zalduondo, UNAIDS

Wednesday 3 July

Vaccine: New Developments in Protecting Antibodies

Dennis Burton, United States

HIV and Hepatitis C Co-Infection

Karine Lacombe, France

Achieving Universal Access and Moving towards Elimination of New HIV Infections in Cambodia

Mean Chhi Vun, Cambodia

December 1st marks the start of registration as well as being the opening day for online abstract submissions. Over half of all conference sessions will be abstract-driven and all of the submissions will go through an extensive peer-reviewed process in order to guarantee the highest caliber of science. The online abstract submission closes on 24 January 2013 and reopens on 3 April until 7 May 2013 for late breaker abstract submissions.

With over 3,000 square metres of exhibition space IAS 2013 also offers both commercial and non-commercial organizations the opportunity to showcase their products and services. Exhibitor applications open on 1 December and close on 10 May 2013.

Various satellite meetings will take place in the conference centre during IAS 2013. These satellite meetings are fully organized and coordinated by the organization hosting the satellite. The satellite slots are available for a fee. Satellite applications also open on 1 December and close on 18 March 2013.

Finally from 6 December online applications for scholarships will open. The International and Media Scholarship Programmes are aimed at making the conference accessible to people from resource-limited settings and communities. Priority is given to those whose participation will help enhance their work in their own communities. A limited number of scholarships will be also available for media representatives.

For more information on registration process and registration fees please visit http://www.ias2013.org/Default.aspx?pageId=491

AIDS 2012 key opening dates:

1 December 2012

• Registrations open
• Abstract submissions open
• Exhibition applications open
• Satellite applications open
• Accommodation bookings open
• Tour bookings open

6 December 2012

• Scholarship applications open

1 February 2013

• Affiliated Independent Events submissions open

14 February 2013 - 24:00 CET

• Registrations standard fee deadline

1 April 2013

• Volunteer applications open

3 April 2013

• Late breaker submissions open

18 April 2013 - 24:00 CET

• Registrations late fees deadline

###

About the Organizers

The International AIDS Society (IAS) is the world's leading independent association of HIV professionals, with over 16,000 members from more than 196 countries working at all levels of the global response to AIDS. The IAS members include researchers from all disciplines, clinicians, public health and community practitioners on the frontlines of the epidemic, as well as policy and programme planners.

The IAS is lead organizer of the IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, which will be held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 30 June 3 July 2013 and custodian of the biennial International AIDS Conference, which will be held in Melbourne, Australia, 20-25 July 2014.

www.iasociety.org | www.ias2013.org | www.aids2014.org

The Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA) was established in 2007 to respond to the need to better understand the Malaysian HIV epidemic and to build local capacity in conducting HIV related research. Since its establishment it has become the leading Centre in Malaysia conducting HIV related research in various fields including epidemiology, social behavioural, clinical and laboratory based research.

IAS 2013: Join the conversation

Get the latest conference updates and share your thoughts and ideas through the Conference Facebook and Twitter. We are tweeting @_IAS2013 and hope many of you will tweet along with us, using #IAS2013 to keep the conversation going. Become a fan of IAS 2013 on Facebook and stay in touch with the latest conference updates and developments. Please visit www.facebook.com/conferenceIAS2013 to become a fan. If your group or organization is participating in IAS 2013, we welcome posts of photos and videos of your work on this page. Tell us why you are coming to Kuala Lumpur and what you hope to gain from IAS 2013.

For more information:

Sin Bowen (Geneva, Switzerland)
Senior Manager, Communications
Email: Sian.Bowen@iasociety.org
Tel: +41 22 710 0864

Francesca Da Ros (Geneva, Switzerland)
Communications and Media Officer
Email: Francesca.Daros@iasociety.org
Tel: +41 22 710 0822

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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-11/ias-rfi112912.php

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SECRET TO SLIMMING ? 'OUT OF AFRICA' | Gnet Health and Fitness

Picture the lean muscular physique of the West African tribesman as he stalks his prey, intent on providing sustenance for his family?You?ll probably be aware of the physical fitness needed for a successful hunt. What you probably WON?T know is that for centuries, the secret to keeping energy levels high amongst West African Natives was African Mango! Today in the modern world, in which there is so much pressure to stay trim and toned, we are rediscovering what African Natives already knew about many moons ago ? the energy-increasing properties of African Mango that serve to boost metabolism ? burning fat and helping you shed those extra pounds!

Weight Loss Programs Bear Fruit With African Mango!

The popularity of this brightly-coloured tropical fruit is soaring, as people catch on to its amazing weight loss benefits! Hailing exclusively from Cameroon?s west-coastal rainforests, ?Bush Mango? ? as it is also known ? is unique in that it produces a seed referred to by Natives as ?Dikka Nuts?. It is an extract from this seed (Irvingia Gabonensis) that was celebrated for hundreds of years among Cameroon villagers for its diverse medicinal benefits, and today, provides a most effective weight loss supplement!

Enhance Energy, Burn Away The Bulge!

Irvingia Gabonensis (African Mango Extract) provides an energy boost and helps fight fatigue, as well as boosting metabolism and increasing fat oxidation, thereby promoting weight loss. A study conducted on 102 people showed ?Significant improvements in body weight, body fat, and waist circumference? for those taking African Mango. So how does it work exactly? There is a substance called Leptin that is responsible for regulating our metabolism and appetite?African Mango Extract is believed to increase the amount of Leptin in our bloodstream when taken as a supplement ? voila! What?s more, as a totally natural product, African Mango represents a safe solution for weight loss, without any of the harmful side effects of other weight loss aids.

Press Promotes Effects Of African Mango Extract!

Fox News: (Click article for full size)

Mail Online: (Click article for full size)

The People?s African Mango Reviews!

Lost 11 Pounds In 3 Weeks!

I?ve only been using african mango for 3 weeks but have noticed a big difference already. I?ve lost 11 pounds in that time which is the best i have every done so i?m really pleased?

? Hefty Hannah ?
(www.amazon.co.uk) ?

Great Product ? I?ve Already Dropped 22 Pounds!

This stuff is definitely working for me?African mango is such a great product. It doesn?t give me those awful jitters like I?ve gotten from most other diet pills and I have been able to avoid the cravings that have pretty much run my life for the past few months?What?s even better is that I?ve already dropped 22 pounds in the past month and a half. I still have a way to go to get to my goal of 50 pounds but I am definitely off to an awesome start

? E. Gilbert ?
(www.amazon.co.uk) ?

Ecstatic About The Results!

?I have finally been able to lose around 4 kilograms in 2 weeks and I am definitely aiming for more weight loss. The pills won?t do all of the work but they gave me such a good boost to control my appetite and work out. Even though my overeating reduced considerably due to taking these pills I still feel fresh and full of energy. I feel exstatic about the results?

? Grills.A ?
(www.amazon.co.uk) ?

I Have Not Felt Hungry!

I am happy that since taken the capsules I have not felt hungry even cutting portions on the plate so this must be a good thing i have lost waight not dramatically but steady im happy.

? bob55 ?
(www.amazon.co.uk) ?

Discover One Of Africa?s Best Kept Secrets For Yourself!

With all the hype surrounding African Mango ? not to mention all the positive reviews ? it could be time for you to discover this secret for yourself! The perfect supplement to jumpstart your weight loss program if you?re intent on burning fat and achieving that lean physique enjoyed by so many African Natives throughout the centuries! Or maybe you just want to pep up your everyday energy levels, and when you consider how well this natural fruit extract worked in sustaining their physically demanding lifestyle, it?s sure to help maintain yours!

Related posts:

Source: http://www.gnet.org/secret-to-slimming-out-of-africa/

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Winning tickets sought in $588M Powerball jackpot

An unidentified customer walks out of the Trex Mart convenience store, right, while manager Chris Nauerz, left, and son of the owner Baron Hartell stand outside, in Dearborn, Mo., Thursday, Nov. 29, 2012. Lottery officials confirmed Thursday that one of two winning Powerball tickets sold before Wednesday's drawing was bought at a Trex Mart convenience store in Dearborn. (AP Photo/Orlin Wagner)

An unidentified customer walks out of the Trex Mart convenience store, right, while manager Chris Nauerz, left, and son of the owner Baron Hartell stand outside, in Dearborn, Mo., Thursday, Nov. 29, 2012. Lottery officials confirmed Thursday that one of two winning Powerball tickets sold before Wednesday's drawing was bought at a Trex Mart convenience store in Dearborn. (AP Photo/Orlin Wagner)

Powerball numbers are chosen in the drawing at the Florida Lottery on Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, in Tallahassee, Fla. The numbers drawn in the $579.9-million game were: 5, 16, 22, 23, 29 and Powerball of 6. (AP Photo/Phil Sears)

Powerball on-air talent Sam Arlen, right, is given a countdown before the start of the drawing at the Florida Lottery on Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, in Tallahassee, Fla. The numbers drawn in the $579.9-million game were: 5, 16, 22, 23, 29 and Powerball of 6. (AP Photo/Phil Sears)

Una mujer identificada como Donna Fields paga su boleto de Powerball en la ciudad estadounidense de Detroit el mi?rcoles 28 de noviembre de 2012 con la esperanza de llevarse el premio r?cord de 579,9 millones de d?lares. Las autoridades de Powerball anunciaron en la madrugada del jueves 29 que la bolsa es repartida en dos boletos vendidos en Arizona y Misur?. (Foto AP/Paul Sancya)

DEARBORN, Mo. (AP) ? The search is on for the country's newest multimillionaires, the holders of two tickets that matched all six numbers to split a record $588 million Powerball jackpot.

Lottery officials said Thursday that the winning tickets matching all six numbers were sold at a convenience store in suburban Phoenix and a gas station just off an interstate highway in a small northwestern Missouri town. Neither ticket holder had come forward.

The mystery fueled a giddy mood at the Trex Mart just outside Dearborn, Mo., as lottery officials and the media descended on the town of 500 people.

Cashiers Kristi Williams and Kelly Blount greeted customers with big smiles and questions about whether they had bought the winning ticket. No one had come forward to claim the prize by late Thursday morning, Missouri Lottery officials said.

"It's just awesome," Williams said. "It's so exciting. We can't even work."

Karen Meyers, a server at the Cook's Corner Cafe, where the daily special was roast beef and potatoes, said she didn't believe it at first when she heard the winning ticket had been sold nearby.

"I think it's wonderful! I hope someone local won it, not someone just passing through," she said. "It's a small town where everyone is really nice."

Kevin Bryan bought his ticket at the Trex Mart and made an extra trip to his mother's home in Dearborn to verify that the ticket he left on her counter wasn't, in fact, the winner.

"When I heard it was sold here in Dearborn I about fell over," Bryan said, as he hung Christmas lights outside his mother's home.

He said the only other local lottery win he could remember was when an area farmer won about $100,000 in scratch-off game years ago "and bought himself a combine."

The winning ticket sold in Arizona was purchased at a 4 Sons Food Store in Fountain Hills, state lottery officials said. Customers poured into the store, to check their tickets and share in the big moment.

"I think it's crazy, and I also think it's great," said Bob Chebat, who manages the 4 Sons. "I'm glad that all that work yesterday wasn't for nothing."

The store was swept up in a nationwide ticket-buying spree preceding Wednesday's drawing, with the big money enticing many people who rarely, if ever, play the lottery to buy a shot at the payout.

Clerks at 4 Sons sold 986 Powerball tickets Wednesday, which Chebat said was well above average.

Baron Hartell, son of the owner of the Missouri store, said if the winner isn't a local resident it might have been a truck driver. Interstate 29 connects Kansas City to the Canadian border, so it's a busy thoroughfare in both directions.

"Even the truck drivers who come around, we see them every day, so they all feel like all locals to us," he said.

Store manager Chris Naurez said business had been "crazy" for Powerball tickets lately and that the store had sold about $27,000 worth of tickets in the last few days.

"This really puts Dearborn on the map," he said.

Kenny Gilbert, the general manager of Trex Mart, suggested his staff would be sharing in the $50,000 bounty that the store will be awarded for selling one of the winning tickets.

"The response from the owner was, 'I guess we'll be able to give out Christmas bonuses,'" Gilbert said. "That's nice, especially at this time of year."

It appeared the winners had yet to come forward, and it wasn't clear if the tickets had been bought by individuals or groups. Winners have 180 days to claim their share of the prize money.

The numbers drawn Wednesday night were 5, 16, 22, 23, 29. The Powerball was 6. The $587.5 million payout represents the second-largest jackpot in U.S. history.

"If you find you're holding the winning ticket, be sure you sign the back and put it in a safe place until you can take it to a Missouri Lottery office," said May Scheve Reardon, executive director of the Missouri Lottery. "You will also want to get some legal and financial advice before you claim."

Americans went on a ticket-buying spree in the run-up to Wednesday's drawing, the big money enticing many people who rarely, if ever, play the lottery to purchase a shot at the second-largest payout in U.S. history.

Tickets sold at a rate of 130,000 a minute nationwide ? about six times the volume from a week ago. That pushed the jackpot even higher, said Chuck Strutt, executive director of the Multi-State Lottery Association. The jackpot rolled over 16 consecutive times without a winner.

In a Mega Millions drawing in March, three ticket buyers shared a $656 million jackpot. This remains the largest lottery payout of all time.

___

Skoloff reported from Fountain Hills, Ariz.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2012-11-29-Powerball-Jackpot/id-1877c6f74c524e8a8f15b3a0557b9d88

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Preparing For the Online Shopping Rush - Internet Business ...

Here comes the holidays! Making sure your site is ready for the impending rush is crucial in maximizing your success during this season. Preparing both for traffic overloads, increased customer service requirements and a very busy time, anticipating the rush well in advance can make or break your online holiday season.

We thought this infographic detailing the holiday rush of shopping did a great job detailing the importance of competitive online pricing compared to retail:

Source: Mozo, found on a submit infographics site.

How is your site prepared? Have you done a competitive analysis? Are you ready to handle the increased customer base? What is your plan to ensure maximum customer retention?

Answer these questions and prepare yourself for an exciting time of year for any eCommerce business!

Ryan Jennings

Design and marketing, two of my favorite things. What a wonderful step in the right direction when these two things are working together.

Posted by Ryan Jennings on November 28, 2012

http://www.internet-business-revolution.com/preparing-for-the-online-shopping-rush/

Source: http://www.internet-business-revolution.com/preparing-for-the-online-shopping-rush/

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Family-Environmental Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Chinese Children: A Case-Control Study

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting an estimated 5 to 12% of school-aged children worldwide. From 15 to 19 million Chinese children suffer from ADHD. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between family-environmental factors and ADHD in a sample of Chinese children.MethodsA pair-matched, case-control study was conducted with 161 ADHD children and 161 non-ADHD children of matching age and sex, all from 5?18 years of age. The ADHD subjects and the normal controls were all evaluated via structured diagnostic interviews. We examined the association between family-environmental factors and ADHD using the conditional multiple logistic regression with backward stepwise selection to predict the associated factors of ADHD.ResultsHaving experienced emotional abuse and being a single child were both significant factors associated with children diagnosed with ADHD. ADHD subjects were more likely to have suffered from emotional abuse (OR?=?11.09, 95% CI?=?2.15?57.29, P?=?0.004) and have been a single child in the family (OR?=?6.32, 95% CI?=?2.09?19.14, P?=?0.001) when compared to normal controls. The results were not modified by other confounding factors.ConclusionOur findings provide evidence that family-environmental factors are associated with ADHD among children in China. These findings, if confirmed by future research, may help to decrease ADHD by increasing the awareness of the effects of childhood emotional abuse.

Xianming du Prel Carroll¹, Honggang Yi², Yuezhu Liang³, Ke Pang⁴, Sandra Leeper-Woodford⁵, Patrizia Riccardi⁶, Xianhong Liang^4*

1 Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 3 Beijing Children and Adolescents Mental Health Center, Beijing An Ding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 4 Department of Neurology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 5 Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America, 6 Department of Psychiatry, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America

Background

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting an estimated 5 to 12% of school-aged children worldwide. From 15 to 19 million Chinese children suffer from ADHD. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between family-environmental factors and ADHD in a sample of Chinese children.

Methods

A pair-matched, case-control study was conducted with 161 ADHD children and 161 non-ADHD children of matching age and sex, all from 5?18 years of age. The ADHD subjects and the normal controls were all evaluated via structured diagnostic interviews. We examined the association between family-environmental factors and ADHD using the conditional multiple logistic regression with backward stepwise selection to predict the associated factors of ADHD.

Results

Having experienced emotional abuse and being a single child were both significant factors associated with children diagnosed with ADHD. ADHD subjects were more likely to have suffered from emotional abuse (OR = 11.09, 95% CI = 2.15?57.29, P = 0.004) and have been a single child in the family (OR = 6.32, 95% CI = 2.09?19.14, P = 0.001) when compared to normal controls. The results were not modified by other confounding factors.

Conclusion

Our findings provide evidence that family-environmental factors are associated with ADHD among children in China. These findings, if confirmed by future research, may help to decrease ADHD by increasing the awareness of the effects of childhood emotional abuse.

Citation: du Prel Carroll X, Yi H, Liang Y, Pang K, Leeper-Woodford S, et al. (2012) Family-Environmental Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Chinese Children: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE 7(11): e50543. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050543

Editor: Ehsan U. Syed, Pennsylvania State University, United States of America

Received: April 15, 2012; Accepted: October 24, 2012; Published: November 28, 2012

Copyright: ? 2012 du Prel Carroll et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: This research was funded by a grant support from Mercer University Seed Grant (2009?2010, account #2-26724, IRB#H0907165-01). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

* E-mail: hh_liang@hotmail.com

Introduction?Top

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders occurring during childhood and adolescence, affecting an estimated 5 to 12% of school-aged children worldwide [1]?[3]. Children with ADHD may suffer from cognitive and social deficits, in addition to displaying behavioral problems that result in disturbances in peer and family relationships, as well as poor academic achievement [4], [5]. Compared with the current data supporting the roles of genetic and biological factors in the etiology of ADHD, research on environmental, social and interpersonal aspects is less robust [6], [7].

Family structure, such as being a single child in a family with either two biological parents or with a single parent/step-parent, may play a role in child psychiatric disorders since these factors affect material resources and emotional strain in families [8], [9]. In a review of the family factors associated with ADHD, Johnston and Mash highlighted disturbances in family functioning, conflicted parent?child relationships, as well as increased parenting stress and psychopathology as common co-occurring factors [10], [11]. Previous investigations [12] have also found that child abuse and parental psychiatric disorders are associated with higher rates of ADHD with comorbid disruptive behavior disorder. While uncovering susceptibility genes for ADHD may help us understand the emergence of ADHD symptoms, researchers have speculated that unique environmental factors may play a larger role in determining outcomes for children, even if they are not a primary cause of the core symptoms [11], [13]. Understanding the risk and protective factors within the environment, such as the influence of the family, school and community, as well as their interactions with child characteristics, can extend the findings of genetic work in tracing the variability in development of children with ADHD.

A 3 year panel study in Taiwan [14] investigated adolescent mental disorder and showed that the most prevalent psychiatric condition among 7th and 8th graders was ADHD (weighted prevalence 7.5% and 6.1%). A recent survey [15] in China showed that a total of 15 to 19 million Chinese children suffer from ADHD, therefore indicating that ADHD has become a serious public health problem in China. As in many other countries today, youth in China are also facing greater familial-socio environmental stress than their predecessors. Owing to the rigid educational system and high parental expectation on academic achievement, the competition in joint entrance examinations for junior/senior high schools and universities is very keen [16]. These family-environmental changes and their impact on adolescent psychopathology deserve an adequate inquiry. However, studies on the relationship between ADHD and the family environment, with respect to how demographic variables interact with family factors, are lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between family-environmental factors and ADHD in a sample of Chinese children. Our hypothesis is that these factors are related to the ADHD children and their family environment when compared to normal controls.

Methods?Top

Study Subjects

This study was designed as a pair matching case-control study and conducted from July 2009 to May 2010. ADHD subjects were recruited from the Beijing Children and Adolescents Mental Health Center at Beijing An Ding Hospital of Capital Medical University in Beijing, China. All ADHD (ICD-10 codes F90, 208?210) subjects were children of Chinese Han nationality and between 5 to 18 years old at the time of the investigation. All ADHD participants were evaluated by child psychiatrists and fully met DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD (any subtype) [17]. The DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria were previously translated into Chinese, and the reliability for the ADHD diagnosis was previously assessed [15], [18]?[20]. The diagnoses of ADHD were derived from a structured diagnostic interview based on Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS-E) [21], which was modified to assess DSM-IV-TR criteria and incorporate parents? and teachers? reports of behavioral symptoms, clinical observation of behavior, the Aberrant Behavior Checklist [22], and tests of attention such as the Conners Continuous Performance Test [23]. One on one interviews of the ADHD participants, at least one of their parents/primary caregivers, and their teachers were conducted by trained researchers who are child/adolescent psychiatrists or psychologists in the outpatient department of the Beijing Children and Adolescents Mental Health Center. These diagnoses were then independently reassessed by two senior psychiatrists, who systematically reviewed all of the interview records. In the reassessment, the principle of rate-down was employed, and any information that was dubious or uncertain was discarded. Psychiatric diagnoses generated from this reassessment were jointly discussed, and a consensus diagnosis was taken as final. Exclusion criteria of the ADHD subjects included the presence of any other psychiatric illness such as depression, autism, Asperger syndrome, other pervasive developmental disorders (ICD-10 codes F84.0?F84.9, 308.0), and mental retardation (ICD-10 codes F70?F79, 312?315) [20].

Normal controls were children between 5 to 18 years old randomly selected from local elementary and middle/high schools during the same study period and from the same district in Beijing as the ADHD subjects. Using the pair-matched test design, each ADHD subject and normal control had the same sex and the same age (difference between birthdays within 6 months). The same exclusion criteria applied to the ADHD subjects was applied to the normal controls.

The study was approved by the institutional review boards of An Ding Hospital of Capital Medical University and Mercer University, and complied with all applicable requirements of the United States. Written informed consent was obtained from each of the parents after the purpose and procedure of the study was explained. Parents and teachers of the ADHD subjects completed the questionnaire with a participation rate of 97.5%, and parents and teachers of the normal controls completed the questionnaire with a participation rate of 100%.

Measures

Matched factors.

To address important confounding factors, such as the male sex and younger ages being associated with an increased prevalence of ADHD [24], [25], we designed pair-matches on age and sex for the control vs. ADHD subjects in this study. Therefore the control subjects were exposed to associated factors at the same sex and age as the ADHD subjects.

Biological factors.

The variable of maternal stress during pregnancy was provided by the biological mothers of both the ADHD and normal subjects. The mothers were asked whether or not they had experienced any of 10 major life stress events selected from a broader list of life stress events [26], [27]: pregnancy problems, death of a close friend or relative, separation or divorce, marital problems, problems with children, job loss (involuntary), partner?s job loss (involuntary), monetary problems, residential relocation, or any other stressful events. If the answer they provided was one or more positive response to the 10 major events during their pregnancy, the coding would be a ?yes?, otherwise ?no?. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) information was also provided by the affected mothers of the study subjects. We analyzed continuous potential factors, such as maternal age at the child?s birth, according to biological rationales (median split) as categorical variables: ?26 years, and >26 years of age. The data of our study sample showed that none of the mothers smoked or drank during pregnancy, so the variables of maternal smoking and maternal drinking were not considered for further analysis.

Family-environmental factors.

In the questionnaire, the parents were required to provide information about familial factors present during the child?s lifetime. Maternal and paternal education was assigned as being either compulsory education (?9 years), high school education (9?12 years), or some college or advanced training (?12 years) [20]. The number of siblings was asked to determine whether or not the child was a single child [28]. Family structure was divided into 2 categories [29]: the child having an intact family with both biological parents, and the child having other family structures (which included single-parent and 2-parent families, in which one or both parents were step-parents). Since literature suggests that family conflicts are connected with children functioning [30], [31], the parents informed in a yes/no format in regards to the occurrence of conflicts between adult family members/relatives. Emotional abuse was defined by two questions from the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) [32]. The questions, which were asked to the ADHD subjects, were as follows: 1) ?How often did a parent, stepparent, or adult living in your home swear at you, insult you, or put you down?? 2) ?How often did a parent, stepparent, or adult living in your home act in a way that made you afraid that you might be physically hurt?? Responses of ?often? or ?very often? to either item defined emotional abuse during childhood.

Lifestyle factors.

Altogether, seven lifestyle variables were included in this study. Parents were asked about their children?s exposure to domestic tobacco smoke and domestic alcohol consumption. Study factors were defined as binary variables - that is, domestic tobacco smoke (yes/no) and domestic alcohol consumption (yes/no) [33], [34]. Based on questions included on the 2009 US middle school Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) [35], parents and teachers were asked to report physical activity of the study subjects (?During the past 7 days, on how many days was the child physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes per day??). The answers were divided into the following: physical inactive, outdoor activity ?3 days in 1 week; physical active, outdoor activity >3 days in 1 week. Parents also reported on the number of hours that their child viewed television and accessed the internet. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children ?2 years of age limit their time with entertainment media to ?1 to 2 hours of programming daily [36], [37]. The measure of interest was >2 hours of television viewing (including videos) and internet accessing daily. The behavioral factor for accidental injury was defined as a binary variable (yes/no), and a nutritional factor was also included in the questionnaire and defined as daily dietary supplement intake (yes/no).

Statistical Analyses

Statistical analyses were performed by SAS, version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). To assess the impact of the associated factors on the dependent variable-ADHD, we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis with all factors simultaneously included in the same model to adjust each other. The following independent variables were included in the model: age, sex, biological factors, family-environmental factors, and lifestyle factors. Finally, we performed a conditional logistic regression analysis with backward stepwise procedures based on the maximum partial likelihood estimates to construct a final best fit logistic regression model to identify the predictors of risk for ADHD among all factors. This specifies the significance level at p 0.05 for entering an explanatory variable into the model in the backward stepwise method. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for differing levels of exposure. All statistical tests were considered to be significant at an alpha level of 0.05 on a two-tailed test.

Results?Top

The analysis included 161 ADHD cases and 161 non-ADHD control subjects matched by age and sex. There were 113 boys and 48 girls included in the case group and control group of this study. There was no statistical age difference between the two groups (mean age of 12.89?2.96 in the case group and mean age of 12.91?2.81 in the control group).

Demographic and Distribution of Biological Factors, Family-environmental Factors, and Lifestyle Factors

General information in demographic and distribution of biological factors is shown in Table 1. We found that ADHD subjects were significantly associated with maternal stress during pregnancy (OR = 3.67, 95% CI = 1.49?9.04, p = 0.005).

Table 1. Demographic and Distribution of Biological Factors of ADHD: Comparisons of ADHD Cases and Non-ADHD Control subjects.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050543.t001

ORs for ADHD cases and controls by family-environmental factors are presented in Table 2. ADHD subjects were significantly associated with single-child (OR = 4.00, 95% CI = 2.27?7.044, p<.0001), family conflicts (OR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.57?6.10, p = 0.001), presence of emotional abuse (OR = 10.50, 95% CI = 3.77?29.28, p<.0001), and paternal education (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.07?4.01, p = 0.017) when the 9?12 years education group was compared with the ?12 years education group.

Table 2. Distribution of Family-Environmental Factors of ADHD: Comparisons of ADHD Cases and Non-ADHD Control Subjects.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050543.t002

In Table 3, we observed a significant association between ADHD subjects and being physically inactive (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.05?2.68, p = 0.03).

Table 3. Distribution of Lifestyle Factors of ADHD: Comparisons of ADHD Cases and Non-ADHD Control Subjects.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050543.t003

The remaining variables in our analysis were not associated with ADHD status (Table 1, 2, 3).

Stepwise Logistic Regression Models Predicting the Strongest Association between All Factors and ADHD

To eliminate multivariable interaction and multicollinearity, we performed a backward stepwise logistic regression based on the maximum partial likelihood estimates. In the final best-fit model, the associations between ADHD and maternal stress during pregnancy, maternal age at childbirth, paternal education, family conflicts, and physical activity which were once significant (Table 1, 2, 3) had changed to not significant and were removed from the final model.

In contrast, the ORs (Table 4) for the association between emotional abuse and ADHD (OR = 11.09, 95% CI = 2.15?57.29, P = 0.004), and the association between being a single child and ADHD (OR = 6.32, 95% CI = 2.09?19.14, P = 0.001), were largely unchanged from estimates obtained in the original model used in Table 2. Therefore these two variables were kept in the final best fit model.

Table 4. Associated Factors Identified in Backward Stepwise Logistic Regression Model.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050543.t004

Discussion?Top

In this study, we examined the effects of family-environmental factors in pair-matched ADHD cases and normal controls in a population of Chinese children, 5 to18 years of age. The results show that having suffered emotional abuse and being a single child were likely to have strong associations with ADHD. The ADHD subjects were 11 times more likely to suffer from emotional abuse as compared to the normal controls.

Emotional Abuse

Recently, family-environmental factors such as abnormal intra-familial relationships, lack of emotional warmth towards the child, child maltreatment (physical/emotional), frequent arguments and fights between adults in the family, ambiguous communication patterns, parental separation/divorce and isolated family units, showed a trend towards an increasing risk for having a child with ADHD-related disorders, as reported previously in numerous studies. Poor parenting and conditions such as negative, inconsistent and detached parenting have been repeatedly reported as a risk factor for ADHD children [11], [38]. Pires et al. described that negative family relationships are associated with symptoms of ADHD, and children who suffered verbal abuse from their mother had prevalence 3.7 times higher than the ones not exposed to this situation in the last year [39]. Bandou et al. suggested that child abuse and maternal psychiatric disorders are significant risk factors in influencing the development of comorbid disruptive behavior disorders in offspring [12]. Also, Ouyang et al. indicated a significant association between inattentive ADHD symptoms and each type of child maltreatment [40]. Consistent with previous investigations, our present data confirms the findings of an association between ADHD and emotional abuse in Chinese children. We also found that the association is not influenced by other confounding factors.

There is a growing body of literature that supports the claim that psychological mistreatment is just as damaging as physical or sexual abuse, and child neglect [41]?[43]. Association between ADHD and child mistreatment has been reported for a variety of reasons [40]. The most important reason is that the behavior patterns found in children with ADHD disorders places those affected children at risk for parental mistreatment [40]. Extensive research on the parent-child interaction of children with ADHD reported a more stressful and conflicted family in those environments [10], [44]?[48]. Especially, child-rearing in Chinese societies is influenced by the Confucian ideology, which places emphasis on social norms and interpersonal harmony. Academic achievement is emphasized and dependence is encouraged. Due to the competition in joint entrance examinations for junior/senior high schools and universities being extremely strong, Chinese children are given more homework and spend more time receiving after-school tutoring [14], [16], [49]?[51]. As such, clinicians providing services to individuals with ADHD should be aware of the implications of co-occurring mistreatment and the associated risks.

Single Child

Since the 1970s, China has had a one-child policy and family planning program. Today the total fertility rate is 1.6, which releases 24% more resources for the family and national investments [52]?[54]. China is becoming a small-family culture. A study showed that 73 to 75% of respondents in the wealthy Jiangsu province were satisfied with their one child regardless of sex, whereas in the poorer Anhui province, 58% were satisfied with an only boy, while only 31% were satisfied with an only girl [55]. Besides the sex ratio, old-age dependency may become a Chinese problem in the future due to the 4 (grandparents): 2 (parents): 1(child) phenomenon. In addition, another consequence of the one-child policy has been to create a spoiled ?little prince? or ?little princess? in some Chinese families. Information about the relationship between the single child status and the ADHD disorder in the Chinese population is lacking. This study revealed that having a single child in a family was associated with the risk of ADHD diagnosis. The association was not influenced by other confounding factors. The reason may be due to the single child receiving more parental concern, so they are more likely to be brought to medical professionals for assessment and diagnosis. Since we cannot explain clearly the mechanism that underlies the correlation between single child status and ADHD, further investigation for the causal relationship is needed.

Other Family-environmental Factors

Previous studies have found that family-environmental factor such as family conflicts [56], [57] are associated with ADHD diagnosis. In contrast to these findings, the absence of statistically significant associations between the above factor and ADHD was unexpected in our study. The reason may be that the interactions between the related independent variables such as family conflicts and emotional abuse (correlation: r = 0.29, p<.0001), and family conflicts and family structure (correlation: r = 0.39, p<.0001) could influence family conflicts in the final best fit model. Previous works also found higher paternal education was associated with decreased risk for ADHD [24]. In our study, there is no relationship between paternal education and ADHD.

Previous reports have indicated that the biological factor of maternal stress during pregnancy is associated with ADHD [26], [27], [58]. In our study, there is no relationship between the above factor and ADHD. The reason might be recall bias, as the mothers who experienced life stress events during pregnancy may underreport it, which limits the statistical power in detecting a significant difference.

Previous studies also found that physical inactivity is associated with increased ADHD diagnosis in children [59]. We have not found the relationship between physical activity and ADHD in our study.

Further investigations are needed before definitive conclusions can be made about the possible effects of these potential factors on ADHD.

Limitations

Several limitations should be considered in interpreting the results of this study. First, case-control studies offer only hints about causal models leading to the development of ADHD. The use of terms such as ?prediction? and ?risk? are not meant to imply causal or temporal relationships. Second, retrospective self-reporting of prenatal complications or family environment and lifestyle factors may be susceptible to recall bias. Observational measures of parent-child interactions may be necessary to understand moment-to-moment relationships between parent and child behavior patterns. Other variables such as in utero tobacco and alcohol exposure may be also susceptible to recall bias. Third, this study lacks of a comparison of the differences between ADHD subgroups. Future research may focus the relationship between family-environmental factors and ADHD subgroups, especially on the difference between subgroups. Fourth, all of our subjects were Chinese Han; the cohort was not a random sample of the Chinese population so potential selection biases cannot be fully ruled out. In addition, children living in foster families were not included, so the results of this study may not generalize to children with different socioeconomic or ethnic backgrounds. Future studies may be proposed to address these limitations.

Conclusions

This hospital-based case-control study identified that emotional abuse and single child status are associated with ADHD children in China. The families and health care providers of children with ADHD should be aware of the implications of existing emotional abuse and the associated risks to these children. Appropriate parenting skills, such as proper supervision and prevention by increasing knowledge, need to be addressed for parents of children with ADHD, particular of single child families. Further investigations based on prospective, longitudinal birth cohorts are needed to explain the causal relationships between family-environmental factors and ADHD. Future studies may help to form the basis for successful intervention to prevent ADHD through reduction of family risk factors.

Acknowledgments?Top

We appreciate Dr. Shiji Zhang, Child Psychiatrist and Dr. Fan D. Chen, Epidemiologist, who closely cooperated with this project.

Author Contributions?Top

Conceived and designed the experiments: XdPC XHL. Performed the experiments: XdPC XHL. Analyzed the data: HGY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KP YZL. Wrote the paper: XdPC XHL. Revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content: SLW PR.

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